SUGGESTED READ ON AMERICA'S ANTI-CHINESE IMMIGRANT HISTORY

Beth Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America (Cambridge, Massachusetts, & London, England: Harvard University Press, 2018) (From the book jacket: "The American West erupted in anti-Chinese violence in 1885. Following the massacre of Chinese miners in Wyoming Territory, communicates throughout California and the Pacific Northwest harassed, assaulted, and expelled thousands of Chinese immigrants. Beth Lew-Williams shows how American immigrants policies incited this violence, in turn, provoked new exclusionary policies. Ultimately, Lew-Williams argues, Chinese explosion and exclusion produced the concept of the 'alien' in modern America.").